D. Revel, H. M. Füssel, and A. Jol, Climate Change, Impacts and Vulnerability in, Europe, 2012.

J. M. Robine, S. L. Cheung, S. Le-roy, H. Van-oyen, C. Griffiths et al., Death toll exceeded 70,000 in Europe during the summer of 2003, Europe during the summer of 2003, pp.171-178, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.crvi.2007.12.001

T. R. Oke, Boundary Layer Climates, 2002.
DOI : 10.4324/9780203407219

. Eurostat, Eurostat Regional Yearbook 2014: Focus on European Cities

M. Santamouris, L. Ding, F. Fiorito, P. Oldfield, P. Osmond et al., Passive and active cooling for the outdoor built environment ??? Analysis and assessment of the cooling potential of mitigation technologies using performance data from 220 large scale projects, Solar Energy, vol.154, pp.14-33, 2017.
DOI : 10.1016/j.solener.2016.12.006

V. L. Barradas, Air temperature and humidity and human comfort index of some city parks of Mexico City, International Journal of Biometeorology, vol.78, issue.1, pp.24-28, 1991.
DOI : 10.1007/BF01040959

E. Jauregui, Influence of a large urban park on temperature and convective precipitation in a tropical city. Energy Build, pp.457-463, 1991.

C. R. Chang and M. H. Li, Effects of urban parks on the local urban thermal environment. Urban For. Urban Green, pp.672-681, 2014.

R. Spronken-smith and T. Oke, Scale modelling of nocturnal cooling in urban parks. Bound.-Layer Meteorol, pp.287-312, 1999.

X. Cao, A. Onishi, J. Chen, and H. Imura, Quantifying the cool island intensity of urban parks using ASTER and IKONOS data, Landscape and Urban Planning, vol.96, issue.4, pp.224-231, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2010.03.008

V. T. Ca, T. Asaeda, and E. M. Abu, Reductions in air conditioning energy caused by a nearby park. Energy Build, pp.83-92, 1998.

L. Shashua-bar and M. E. Hoffman, Vegetation as a climatic component in the design of an urban street, Energy and Buildings, vol.31, issue.3, pp.31-221, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0378-7788(99)00018-3

K. J. Doick, A. Peace, and T. R. Hutchings, The role of one large greenspace in mitigating London's nocturnal urban heat island, Science of The Total Environment, vol.493, pp.662-671, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.06.048

T. J. Chandler, The Climate of London 15. Upmanis, H.; Eliasson, I.; Lindqvist, S. The influence of green areas on nocturnal temperatures in a high latitude city, Int. J. Climatol, vol.18, pp.681-700, 1965.

C. Jansson, P. E. Jansson, and D. Gustafsson, Near surface climate in an urban vegetated park and its surroundings, Theoretical and Applied Climatology, vol.38, issue.16, pp.185-193, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/S0169-2046(97)00010-8

F. Skoulika, M. Santamouris, D. Kolokotsa, and N. Boemi, On the thermal characteristics and the mitigation potential of a medium size urban park in Athens, Greece, Landscape and Urban Planning, vol.123, pp.73-86, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2013.11.002

T. R. Oke, J. Crowther, K. Mcnaughton, J. Monteith, and B. Gardiner, The Micrometeorology of the Urban Forest [and Discussion], Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol.324, issue.1223, pp.335-349, 1989.
DOI : 10.1098/rstb.1989.0051

M. Lacombe, D. Bousri, M. Leroy, and M. Mezred, WMO Field Intercomparison of Thermometer Screens/Shields and Humidity Measuring Instruments, 2008.

M. Lacombe, Results of the WMO intercomparison of thermometer screens/shields and hygrometers in hot desert conditions, Proceedings of the TECO-2010?WMO Technical Conference on Meteorological and Environmental Instruments and Methods of Observation, 1921.

T. Oke, Initial Guidance to Obtain Representative Meteorological Observations at Urban Sites; World Meteorological Organization, 2004.

K. Perini and A. Magliocco, Effects of vegetation, urban density, building height, and atmospheric conditions on local temperatures and thermal comfort, Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, vol.13, issue.3, pp.495-506, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ufug.2014.03.003

F. Rodriguez, FluxSAP?A collaborative experimental campaign on water and energy fluxes in urban areas and the relation with the vegetation: The case of a Nantes district Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification, Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Urban Climate (ICUC9), pp.20-24, 2007.

G. E. Mcpherson, D. J. Nowak, and R. A. Rowntree, Chicago's Urban Forest Ecosystem: Results of the Chicago Urban Forest Climate Project, 1994.

B. Morille, N. Lauzet, and M. Musy, SOLENE-microclimate: A Tool to Evaluate Envelopes Efficiency on Energy Consumption at District Scale., Energy Procedia 2015, pp.1165-1170
DOI : 10.1016/j.egypro.2015.11.088

M. Musy, L. Malys, B. Morille, and C. Inard, The use of SOLENE-microclimat model to assess adaptation strategies at the district scale, Urban Climate, vol.14, pp.213-223, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.uclim.2015.07.004

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01667973

L. Malys, Évaluation des Impacts Directs et Indirects des Façades et des Toitures Végétales sur le Comportement Thermique des Bâtiments, Architecture Nantes, 2012.