N. Agatz, P. Bouman, and M. Schmidt, Optimization approaches for the traveling salesman problem with drone, Transportation Science, vol.52, issue.4, pp.965-981, 2018.

J. H. Andrew, Thousands of autonomous delivery robots are about to descend on us college campuses, 2019.

K. Bala, D. Brcanov, and N. Gvozdenovi?, Two-echelon location routing synchronized with production schedules and time windows, Central European Journal of Operations Research, vol.25, issue.3, pp.525-543, 2017.

R. Baldacci, A. Mingozzi, R. Roberti, and R. W. Calvo, An exact algorithm for the two-echelon capacitated vehicle routing problem, Operations Research, vol.61, issue.2, pp.298-314, 2013.

P. Bouman, N. Agatz, and M. Schmidt, Dynamic programming approaches for the traveling salesman problem with drone, Networks, vol.72, issue.4, pp.528-542, 2018.

N. Boysen, S. Schwerdfeger, and F. Weidinger, Scheduling last-mile deliveries with truck-based autonomous robots, European Journal of Operational Research, vol.271, issue.3, pp.1085-1099, 2018.

K. Braekers, K. Ramaekers, and I. Van-nieuwenhuyse, The vehicle routing problem: State of the art classification and review, Computers & Industrial Engineering, vol.99, pp.300-313, 2016.

J. Brandão, Iterated local search algorithm with ejection chains for the open vehicle routing problem with time windows, Computers & Industrial Engineering, vol.120, pp.146-159, 2018.

U. Breunig, V. Schmid, R. F. Hartl, and T. Vidal, A large neighbourhood based heuristic for two-echelon routing problems, Computers & Operations Research, vol.76, pp.208-225, 2016.

J. G. Carlsson and S. Song, Coordinated logistics with a truck and a drone, Management Science, vol.64, issue.9, pp.4052-4069, 2017.

I. Chao, A tabu search method for the truck and trailer routing problem, Computers & Operations Research, vol.29, issue.1, pp.33-51, 2002.

H. Chevallier, Twinswheel, le livreur du futur, Accessed, 2017.

T. G. Crainic, A. Sforza, and C. Sterle, Location-routing models for two-echelon freight distribution system design, 2011.

G. A. Croes, A method for solving traveling-salesman problems, Operations Research, vol.6, issue.6, pp.791-812, 1958.

R. Cuda, G. Guastaroba, and M. G. Speranza, A survey on two-echelon routing problems, Computers & Operations Research, vol.55, pp.185-199, 2015.

. Daimler, Vans and robots paketbote 2, 2017.

N. Dellaert, F. Dashty-saridarq, T. Van-woensel, and T. G. Crainic, Branch-and-price-based algorithms for the twoechelon vehicle routing problem with time windows, Transportation Science, vol.53, issue.2, pp.463-479, 2018.

G. Desaulniers, J. Desrosiers, and M. M. Solomon, Column generation, vol.5, 2006.

J. Desrosiers and M. E. Lübbecke, A primer in column generation, Column generation, pp.1-32, 2005.

A. Duarte, J. Sánchez-oro, N. Mladenovi?, and R. Todosijevi?, Variable neighborhood descent. Handbook of Heuristics, pp.341-367, 2018.

, Living well, within the limits of our planet. 7th eap -the new general union environment action programme to, European Commission, 2014.

, Urban mobility, European Commission, 2015.

P. Grangier, M. Gendreau, F. Lehuédé, and L. Rousseau, An adaptive large neighborhood search for the two-echelon multiple-trip vehicle routing problem with satellite synchronization, European Journal of Operational Research, vol.254, issue.1, pp.80-91, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01082951

L. Gu, Delivery robots hit the road in beijing, 2018.

A. F. Han and Y. Chu, A multi-start heuristic approach for the split-delivery vehicle routing problem with minimum delivery amounts, Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, vol.88, pp.11-31, 2016.

V. C. Hemmelmayr, J. Cordeau, and T. G. Crainic, An adaptive large neighborhood search heuristic for two-echelon vehicle routing problems arising in city logistics, Computers & operations research, vol.39, issue.12, pp.3215-3228, 2012.

J. Jemai and B. Sarkar, Optimum design of a transportation scheme for healthcare supply chain management: The effect of energy consumption, Energies, vol.12, issue.14, p.2789, 2019.

A. Karak and K. Abdelghany, The hybrid vehicle-drone routing problem for pick-up and delivery services, Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, vol.102, pp.427-449, 2019.

D. Li, Jd.com launches robot delivery services in chinese universities, 2017.

F. Li, B. Golden, and E. Wasil, The open vehicle routing problem: Algorithms, large-scale test problems, and computational results, Computers & Operations Research, vol.34, issue.10, pp.2918-2930, 2007.

H. Li, L. Zhang, T. Lv, C. , and X. , The two-echelon time-constrained vehicle routing problem in linehaul-delivery systems, Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, vol.94, pp.169-188, 2016.

F. Lithia, Ups tests residential delivery via drone launched from atop package car, ConceptType=PressReleases&id=1487687844847-162. Accessed, 2017.

T. Liu, Z. Luo, H. Qin, and A. Lim, A branch-and-cut algorithm for the two-echelon capacitated vehicle routing problem with grouping constraints, European Journal of Operational Research, vol.266, issue.2, pp.487-497, 2018.

Z. Luo, Z. Liu, and J. Shi, A two-echelon cooperated routing problem for a ground vehicle and its carried unmanned aerial vehicle, Sensors, vol.17, issue.5, p.1144, 2017.

R. Martí, R. Aceves, M. T. León, J. M. Moreno-vega, and A. Duarte, Intelligent multi-start methods, Handbook of Metaheuristics, pp.221-243, 2019.

C. Murray and R. Raj, The multiple flying sidekicks traveling salesman problem: Parcel delivery with multiple drones, 2019.

C. C. Murray and A. G. Chu, The flying sidekick traveling salesman problem: Optimization of drone-assisted parcel delivery, Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, vol.54, pp.86-109, 2015.

G. Nagy, N. A. Wassan, M. G. Speranza, A. , and C. , The vehicle routing problem with divisible deliveries and pickups, Transportation Science, vol.49, issue.2, pp.271-294, 2013.

V. Nguyen, C. Prins, and C. Prodhon, A multi-start iterated local search with tabu list and path relinking for the two-echelon location-routing problem, Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence, vol.25, issue.1, pp.56-71, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02478139

A. Otto, N. Agatz, J. Campbell, B. Golden, and E. Pesch, Optimization approaches for civil applications of unmanned aerial vehicles (uavs) or aerial drones: A survey, Networks, vol.72, issue.4, pp.411-458, 2018.

T. Paolo and D. Vigo, Vehicle routing: problems, methods and applications, Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, 2014.

S. N. Parragh and J. Cordeau, Branch-and-price and adaptive large neighborhood search for the truck and trailer routing problem with time windows, Computers & Operations Research, vol.83, pp.28-44, 2017.

S. Poikonen and B. Golden, Multi-visit drone routing problem, Computers & Operations Research, vol.113, p.104802, 2020.

S. Poikonen, B. Golden, and E. A. Wasil, A branch-and-bound approach to the traveling salesman problem with a drone, INFORMS Journal on Computing, vol.31, issue.2, pp.335-346, 2019.

S. Poikonen, X. Wang, and B. Golden, The vehicle routing problem with drones: Extended models and connections, Networks, vol.70, issue.1, pp.34-43, 2017.

O. Polat, A parallel variable neighborhood search for the vehicle routing problem with divisible deliveries and pickups, Computers & Operations Research, vol.85, pp.71-86, 2017.

L. D. Pugliese and F. Guerriero, Last-mile deliveries by using drones and classical vehicles, International Conference on Optimization and Decision Science, pp.557-565, 2017.

P. P. Repoussis, C. D. Tarantilis, and G. Ioannou, The open vehicle routing problem with time windows, Journal of the Operational Research Society, vol.58, issue.3, pp.355-367, 2007.

A. Rothenbächer, M. Drexl, and S. Irnich, Branch-and-price-and-cut for the truck-and-trailer routing problem with time windows, Transportation Science, vol.52, issue.5, pp.1174-1190, 2018.

D. Sacramento, D. Pisinger, R. , and S. , An adaptive large neighborhood search metaheuristic for the vehicle routing problem with drones, Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, vol.102, pp.289-315, 2019.

B. Sarkar, B. Ganguly, M. Sarkar, and S. Pareek, Effect of variable transportation and carbon emission in a three-echelon supply chain model, Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, vol.91, pp.112-128, 2016.

D. Schermer, M. Moeini, and O. Wendt, A hybrid vns/tabu search algorithm for solving the vehicle routing problem with drones and en route operations, Computers & Operations Research, vol.109, pp.134-158, 2019.

D. Schermer, M. Moeini, and O. Wendt, A matheuristic for the vehicle routing problem with drones and its variants, Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, vol.106, pp.166-204, 2019.

Y. O. Scherr, B. A. Saavedra, M. Hewitt, and D. C. Mattfeld, Service network design with mixed autonomous fleets, Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, vol.124, pp.40-55, 2019.

C. S. Tang and L. P. Veelenturf, The strategic role of logistics in the industry 4.0 era, Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, vol.129, pp.1-11, 2019.

T. Van-woensel, Instances used, 2018.

X. Wang, S. Poikonen, and B. Golden, The vehicle routing problem with drones: several worst-case results, Optimization Letters, vol.11, issue.4, pp.679-697, 2017.

Y. Wang, K. Assogba, Y. Liu, X. Ma, M. Xu et al., Two-echelon location-routing optimization with time windows based on customer clustering, Expert Systems with Applications, vol.104, pp.244-260, 2018.

Z. Wang and J. Sheu, Vehicle routing problem with drones, Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, vol.122, pp.350-365, 2019.

K. Yu, A. K. Budhiraja, S. Buebel, and P. Tokekar, Algorithms and experiments on routing of unmanned aerial vehicles with mobile recharging stations, Journal of Field Robotics, pp.1-15, 2018.

A. Table, 16: Column generation lower bound for 15 and 30 customer instances

, CLB CT(s) CLB CT(s) CLB CT(s) CLB CT(s) CLB CT(s) CLB CT(s)